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CVE-2016-3081

92
FAUCET Score

CVE-2016-3081 is a critical remote code execution vulnerability affecting Apache Struts versions 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, as well as Oracle Siebel e-Billing which incorporates Struts. The flaw, categorized as CWE-77 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command), allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code by leveraging Dynamic Method Invocation and chained expressions. With a CVSS v3 score of 8.1 (HIGH), this vulnerability presents a significant risk due to its network-based attack vector, low attack complexity, and high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. While not listed on CISA's KEV catalog or the Hot List, exploit intelligence indicates readily available exploit code, including Metasploit modules and Nuclei templates, suggesting a high potential for exploitation. Despite the availability of exploits, community discussion and media coverage for this CVE are minimal.

Impacted Technologies

VendorProductVersion(s)CPE
2.0.0CPE matchmatch criteria
cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
2.0.1CPE matchmatch criteria
cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
2.0.2CPE matchmatch criteria
cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
2.0.3CPE matchmatch criteria
cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
2.0.4CPE matchmatch criteria
cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

CVSS Data

CVSS version used by this source: 3.0

8.1HIGH

CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Attack Vector
NETWORK
Attack Complexity
HIGH
Privileges Required
NONE
User Interaction
NONE
Scope
UNCHANGED
Confidentiality Impact
HIGH
Integrity Impact
HIGH
Availability Impact
HIGH
Exploitability Score
2.2
Impact Score
5.9
CvssVersion
3.0

Exploit Intelligence

EPSS Score
92.86%
Probability of exploitation in next 30 days
EPSS Percentile
99.8%
Percentile rank of EPSS score among Peer Group
As of 2026-07-25
Model: v2026.06.15
Metasploit: Apache Struts Dynamic Method Invocation Remote Code Execution · Apr 27, 2016
Nuclei: CVE-2016-3081 · Feb 14, 2021
ExploitDB: EDB-39756 · May 2, 2016
This CVE's current EPSS score of 0.9286 is in the 100th percentile among its peer group of 8,914 CVEs.

Social Chatter

The average CVE in this peer group has 0.0 Twitter, 0.1 Reddit, 0.1 Bluesky, 0.0 Mastodon, and 0.2 GitHub mentions.

Media Mentions

No media coverage found for this CVE.

The average CVE in this peer group has 0.1 InfoSec Media, 0.0 Vendor Blog, and 0.0 Security Researcher mentions.

Remediation

Patch Available

Vendor Patches (4)

mavenpatch availablevia ghsa
Product: org.apache.struts:struts2-coreFixed in: 2.3.20.3
mavenpatch availablevia ghsa
Product: org.apache.struts:struts2-coreFixed in: 2.3.28.1
mavenpatch availablevia ghsa
Product: org.apache.struts:struts2-coreFixed in: 2.3.24.3
oraclepatch availablevia nvd_reference
View patch

Vendor Advisories (1)

mavenGHSA-8c6j-ffmf-q6vmhigh

Apache Struts RCE Vulnerability

May 14, 2022

References

packetstormsecurity.com / files/136856/Apache-Struts-2.3.28-Dynamic-Method-Invocation-Remote-Code-Execution.html
ExploitThird Party Advisory
struts.apache.org / docs/s2-032.html
PatchVendor Advisory
exploit-db.com / exploits/39756
huawei.com / en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20160527-01-struts2-en
oracle.com / technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html
PatchThird Party Advisory
oracle.com / technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html
Vendor Advisory
rapid7.com / db/modules/exploit/linux/http/struts_dmi_exec
Third Party Advisory
rapid7.com / db/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts_dmi_exec
securityfocus.com / bid/87327
securityfocus.com / bid/91787
Third Party AdvisoryVDB Entry
securitytracker.com / id/1035665
Third Party AdvisoryVDB Entry